What are human values and how do they affect our behavior? A review of Milton Rokeach's book
Human values are the beliefs and principles that guide our actions and decisions. They reflect what we consider important, desirable, and worthwhile in life. But how do we form our values and how do they influence our behavior? These are some of the questions that Milton Rokeach, a social psychologist, explores in his book The Nature of Human Values.
Rokeach defines values as \"enduring beliefs that a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end-state of existence\" [^1^]. He proposes a theory of values based on two types: terminal values and instrumental values. Terminal values are the goals or outcomes that we want to achieve in life, such as happiness, freedom, peace, or salvation. Instrumental values are the modes of behavior or means that we use to attain our terminal values, such as honesty, courage, responsibility, or loyalty.
Rokeach argues that values are organized into a hierarchical system, where some values are more important than others and some values conflict or support each other. He also suggests that values are learned through socialization and can change over time due to personal experiences or social influences. He develops a method for measuring values by asking people to rank 18 terminal values and 18 instrumental values according to their importance. He then analyzes the relationships between different values and their effects on various aspects of human behavior, such as attitudes, opinions, preferences, choices, actions, and personality traits.
Rokeach The Nature Of Human Values.pdf
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Some of the findings that Rokeach reports in his book are:
People tend to have similar terminal values but differ in their instrumental values.
People who share the same religion, political orientation, or occupation tend to have similar value systems.
Values are related to demographic variables such as age, gender, education, income, and ethnicity.
Values influence our perception of ourselves and others, our communication styles, our motivation and satisfaction levels, our moral judgments, and our social behavior.
Values can be changed by persuasive communication, education, role modeling, or cognitive dissonance.
Rokeach's book is a classic work in the field of social psychology and has inspired many subsequent studies on human values. It provides a comprehensive and systematic framework for understanding the nature and role of values in human life. It also offers practical implications for various domains such as education, counseling, management, marketing, politics, and social change.
If you are interested in learning more about human values and how they affect your behavior, you can download a PDF copy of Rokeach's book from this link [^1^] or read a summary of his main ideas from this article [^3^]. You can also take a survey to measure your own values from this website [^2^] and compare them with others. 0efd9a6b88
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